Energy Deregulation Essay Example For Students

Vitality Deregulation Essay As we have seen the engineered power outages and crisis cautions all through numerous pieces of our territory of California inside the previous a year, there is an inquiry holding on to be replied. For what reason do we have a vitality emergency when there are different states that are doing fine and dandy? Before we arrive at any rushed resolution, let us ask ourselves what befell the vitality strategy during the mid 90s? During that period the electric utilities went from being exceptionally directed to being deregulated following the pattern in fruitful deregulation of numerous enterprises, for example, carrier and media transmission ventures. The idea that deregulation will bring increasingly serious costs and better administrations to people in general, subverted the pessimistic possibilities of the free market framework. Deregulation bill must be nullified on the grounds that it brings higher power costs, lower reliabilities of power, and furthermore it takes steps to haul down our economy alongside it. To begin with, we have seen an across the nation increment in both discount and retail power costs. In California for instance, the discount costs expanded multiple times a year ago contrasted with 1999 (Kahn and Lynch 13). The normal private electric bill nearly multiplied from $40 to $80 in San Diego when the SDG Es retail cost freeze finished in June 2000.1According to Washington Governor Gray Locke, the entire vitality costs have gone up from ten to multiple times the costs of a year back (1).In New York, all the more explicitly in New York City and parts of Westchester County which are one of the main zones in the nation to deregulate retail costs totally, the retail rates have expanded practically 30% (Eisenberg 47). This is awful when you consider that ones that will be generally harmed from these irrationally high power costs will be the people and families that are in the low-level of pay. Second, the dependability of power was undermined all through numerous pieces of our state, influencing both private and business segments. On June 14, 2000, around 100,000 clients were passed out in San Francisco Bay Area (Kahn and Lynch 9-10). As indicated by Lorenco Goncalves, the CEO of California steel ventures, We were intruded on multiple times this month January contrasted with not once from 1987 to 1998. Such a significant number of different enterprises rely upon what we send themIf they cannot rely upon my items, they will get them somewhere else (Wood and Sherer). These unsure interferences are causing a great deal of harm in our economy. Jack Kyser, chief of the Los Angeles Economic Development Council, affirms that, Concern is undulating through each business in the state, since they are getting calls from clients thinking about whether they will have the option to convey (Wood and Scherer). The assessed misfortune from the engineered power outages in January is $1.8 bi llion as per Mr. Kyser (Wood and Sherer). An arrangement that should convey better administrations, experiences thusly given more difficulties to people in general. At long last, there is another issue related with deregulation and that is cost gouging. At the point when the huge three utilities were requested to sell their age plants to get ready for deregulation, numerous privately owned businesses bought those force plants.These plants create power that is then bought by utilities that control transmission and dissemination of power. Be that as it may, numerous privately owned businesses who own the plants supposedly made a counterfeit lack which brings about value spikes (Sloan, Allan). This is an ideal model why open utilities, particularly the electric utilities, ought not be deregulated. At the point when individuals exploit the gracefully and request, for example, for this situation, the result is surely insecurity and turmoil of our open utility framework. .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postImageUrl , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:visited , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active { border:0!important; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud421b1dd ed4b46cc40684e352f649516 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Arts Education Essay ThesisDespite the way that deregulation was an immense disappointment in California, the advocates of deregulation contend that it can work to bring more decisions and serious costs. The best genuine model originates from the province of Pennsylvania where its occupants spared $3 billion on their electric bills after the state embraced deregulation charge (Eisenberg 46). Another model is the province of Texas. Eisenberg says that, state authorities are ensuring a 6% rate cut as it so happens when retail deregulation produces results one year from now (Eisenberg 47). Be that as it may, the re are different states that had been deregulated however didn't encounter progressively serious rates. As per Eisenberg, the electric

Legal Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications Free Essays

Programming robbery is a rising issue in the United States, however around the globe. In 1993 overall programming robbery cost 12. 5 billion dollars to the product business, with lost 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on Legitimate Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now 2 billion dollars in the United States alone. Appraisals show that more than 40 percent of U. S. programming organization incomes are created abroad, yet almost 85 percent of the product industry’s theft misfortunes happened outside of the United States fringes. The Software Publishers Association demonstrated that around 35 percent of the business programming in the United States were acquired wrongfully, which 30 percent of the theft happens in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, each PC must have its own arrangement of unique programming and the fitting number of manuals. It is unlawful for a company or business to buy a solitary arrangement of unique programming and than load that product onto more than one PC, or loan, duplicate or circulate programming in any way, shape or form without the earlier composed assent of the product producer. Numerous product supervisors are worried about the legitimate consistence, alongside resource the executives and expenses at their associations. Numerous organizations include their legitimate offices and HR with respect to programming dissemination and permitting. In 1974, Congress made the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to explore whether the developing PC innovation field outpaced the current copyright laws and furthermore to decide the degree of copyright security for PC programs. CONTU inferred that while copyright insurance ought to stretch out past the strict source code of a PC program, advancing case law ought to decide the degree of security. The commission additionally felt that copyright was the best option among existing licensed innovation defensive systems, and CONTU dismissed competitive innovation and licenses as feasible defensive instruments. The CONTU report brought about the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report goes about as casual authoritative history to help the courts in deciphering the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was altered to unequivocally incorporate PC programs. Title 17 to the United States Code expresses that it is illicit to make or to appropriate duplicates of copyrighted material without approval, aside from the clients option to make a solitary reinforcement duplicate for recorded purposes. Any composed material (counting PC programs) fixed in an unmistakable structure is viewed as copyrighted with no extra activity with respect to the creator. In this manner, it isn't important that a duplicate of the product program be saved with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be ensured as copyrighted. Considering that then a copyright is a property right as it were. So as to keep anybody from selling your product programs, you should request that a government court stop that individual by a directive and to give you harms for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The most effective method to refer to Legal Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications, Essay models

The Babson College 2017-18 Supplement is Unlike Any Other

The Babson College 2017-18 Supplement is Unlike Any Other The Babson College 2017-18 Supplement is Unlike Any Other The Babson College 2017-18 Supplement is Unlike Any Other Many colleges and universities require students to submit supplemental essays along with their main personal statement. The essays they require vary greatly in length, prompt, and theme. The Babson College 2017-18 supplement stands out from the crowd, because students are given the option to choose between submitting an essay or a video! The supplement reads: Life is a collection of moments, some random, some significant. Right now, you are applying to Babson College. What moment led you here? We invite you to submit your answer in either essay OR video format. If you choose to submit a video, please limit your response to a 1-minute video, which can be submitted via a shared link to YouTube or another video hosting website. (500 words maximum) This option gives students the opportunity to respond in a way that best reflects their interests, talents, and skillz. Our advice would be to choose the medium you feel most comfortable with and get funky with it! Babson College also asks students to respond to a pretty common supplemental essay prompt (just like  UVA): Why are you interested in Babson College (200 word maximum)? For more on that, visit our breakdown of the why essay in all its glory. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ » Want access to successful supplemental essay examples? We've got you covered. REAL COLLEGE ESSAY EXAMPLES »

Essay on Leadership - 1778 Words

Leadership: The Human Vessel to the New Business Frontier As our workforces grow more diverse every day, and customers are demanding better, faster, and less expensive service, companies are faced with the challenges to create and meet the changes necessary to remain in business. The organizational environment must also learn to assess the direction of these changes while also being able to respond successfully to those that roll in at a completely different direction than expected. The leadership required to handle these wonderfully tumultuous times, so that organizations in transition remain profitable, is crucial. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Todayamp;#8217;s companies become successful based on†¦show more content†¦With the unrelenting evolution of technology, organizational structures have had to be reinvented. No longer do we find the centralized, multi-layered hierarchies that once offered organizations bureaucratic control over employees. Towering organizational structures are now collapsing into flatter pyramids with wider spans of control offering greater flexibility, cost-efficiency, and more interdependent departments capable of rapid action and reaction. As with advances in technology, economic, political, and socio-cultural environments are also faced with swift changes. Unfortunately, such a rapid rate of change can turn an organizationamp;#8217;s strengths into its weaknesses. Leaders must now think like change agents, because the issue is not only how new concepts and skills are acquired, but also how to unlearn things that are no longer serving the organization. This means that leaders must carefully examine organizational cultures and then reinvent them to promote and maintain success. The most important thing to understand, however, is that leaders cannot change culture arbitrarily in the sense of eradicating dysfunctional conditions. By evolving culture they can build on its strengths while diminishing its weaknesses. amp;#8220;Culture is amp;#8216;changedamp;#8217;amp;#8230;through changes in various key concepts in theShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. 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They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

Anthropology Analysis of Body Ritual Among the Nacirema...

The author’s purpose in writing this article was not to show the â€Å"Nacirema† as an example of how extreme human behavior can become, but how an outside perspective can affect your perception of an alien culture. If one were to look at the â€Å"Nacirema’s† cultural behaviors regarding physical appearance and health without any insight or knowledge of the specific beliefs or values of that culture, they might seem bizarre and even incomprehensible. By showing behaviors and â€Å"rituals† performed by this unknown tribe, Miner allowed others to see that the way studies were representing distinctive cultures was narrowminded and defective. Without the proper comprehension of the basis of any society, huge cultural misunderstandings could occur. Of†¦show more content†¦Miner’s article presents numerous anthropological concepts including culture, social behaviors, symbols, material culture and holism. While providing us with a synchr onic view of an unexplored culture, Miner tackles the principle mindset that governs the â€Å"Nacirema’s† social customs and â€Å"rituals†, looks at key symbols and material possessions as the focus of the culture, and highlights the importance of studying a culture in its entirety to gain a full and accurate understanding. The psychology of the â€Å"Nacirema† people is one of malcontent. There seems to be a general dissatisfaction with one’s body and this inescapable attitude reaches into almost every aspect of their lives. The psychology of the â€Å"Nacirema† people is one of malcontent. There seems to be a general dissatisfaction with one’s body and this inescapable attitude reaches into almost every aspect of their lives. The â€Å"Nacirema† seem to necessitate unhappiness and even pain. They voluntarily allow â€Å"holy-moth-men† to subject them to torturous practices meant to postpone the inevitable decay of th eir mouths, pay â€Å"herbalists† to provide them with â€Å"potions† and â€Å"charms† expected to improve their health and consent to â€Å"medicine men† poking them with needles and performing life-threatening procedures all in the name of beauty and driven by the fundamental mentality that the body is ugly. Miner uses cultural materialism to explore and explain differentShow MoreRelatedCultural Relativism And Moral Relativism1620 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciples within not only the structure but also the functioning of cultures. Within his seminal article, which goes by the title, Body Ritual among the Nacirema, the author, Miner (1956) defines the aspects that are common within the â€Å"Nacirema† from what can be considered as the etic perspective, which enables the reader to slowly but surely get to know that the Nacirema are actually Americans. It should be noted that it is necessary to review the American culture from the etic perspective so as toRead MoreEtic And Emic Analysis On Suicide Terrorism1662 Words   |  7 PagesEtic and Emic Analysis on Suicide Terrorism Exploring different cultures as well as your own in order to understand the various ways they do things compared to our own can be enlightening as well as challenging. The main challenge comes from being used to your own culture that it is difficult to view a different culture without any personal bias. Being born and raised in a culture and getting used to those norms of everyday life contributes to the bias that one may show, believing that theirRead MoreANTH 1120 Midterm Exam Review2818 Words   |  12 Pageswhich they are found. Relativistic Fallacy: The idea that it is impossible to make moral judgements about the beliefs and behaviours of members of other cultures. Armchair Anthropology: An approach to the study of various societies that dominated anthropology in the late 1800s. It involved the collection, study, and analysis of the writings of missionaries, explorers, and colonists who had sustained contact with non-Western peoples. Armchair anthropologists used these documents to make comparisonsRead MoreProfessional Student4171 Words   |  17 Pagesscience. C. anthropology. D. sociology. Answer: D 2. Sociology A. is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. B. focuses primarily on how social relationships influence people’s behavior. C. focuses on how societies develop and change. D. all of these Answer: D 3. The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called A. the sociological imagination. B. anthropology. C. a

Yale Kamisar uses the term “heater cases” Free Essays

Question One Yale Kamisar uses the term â€Å"heater cases† in his article In Defense of the Exclusionary Rule.   Unfamiliar with the term, it was researched and determined to be a phrase used to refer to cases that are so controversial or unpopular that they are the subject of both media and public attention. (Bogira, 2005)   Author Steve Bogira provides one example of a heater case. We will write a custom essay sample on Yale Kamisar uses the term â€Å"heater cases† or any similar topic only for you Order Now    It is referred to as the Bridgeport case and involved the trial of three white men who had brutally beaten a 13-year old black male.   It was alleged that the reason for the beating was to convey the message that the black boy would not be tolerated in the white neighbourhood. (Bogira, 2005) Kamisar describes the heater case’s impact on the exclusionary rule. According to Kamisar, should a defendant escape conviction because the exclusionary rule prevents the admission of evidence crucial to a conviction.   Such a scenario has the potential to inflame public passions with the result that the judge is under pressure to allow the evidence notwithstanding the illegal method employed to seize it and will â€Å"find a way† to admit it. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140) Question Two Kamisar does not refute each of Judge Calabresi’s arguments as to why the exclusionary rule should be abolished.   He agrees in principle that many of the alternative remedies are ineffective, such as the remedies in criminal sanctions and civil complaints. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140)   Kamisar takes issue with Calabresi’s suggestions that the exclusionary rule could be effectively replaced by the introduction of a points system following conviction with a view to lightening the sentence imposed and the institution of some penalty with respect to the offending police officer. (Calabresi, 2003, 111-118) Kamisar rejects these suggestions noting that with respect to the imposition of a points system which would effectively reduce the sentence would have no impact on police conduct. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140)   This is so because police care about convictions and the negative fallout should a suspect escape conviction.   Therefore any alternative to the exclusionary rule that does not impact upon conviction will not act as an incentive for police to conduct orthodox investigations. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140) Moreover, Kamisar argues that Calabresi’s proposal for a sanctions hearing in respect of police officers who allegedly acting illegally in obtaining evidence is fraught by the same difficulties that impact upon civil or criminal remedies. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140)   The entire case will either stand or fall upon the credibility of the accused person, which as Kamisar argues is tenuous at best particularly following a conviction. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140) Question Three Yale Kamisar primarily relies on balancing two conflicting policy issues in his article â€Å"In Defense of the Exclusionary Rule.†Ã‚   The first policy consideration is the need to allay the general public’s fear of crime and the second policy consideration is the need to protect suspects from police abuse of constitutionally protected rights, particularly the fourth amendment right to privacy and due process as contained in the fourteenth amendment. (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140) In determining the value of the exclusionary rule Kamisar considers the impact of its abrogation on both policies.   He submits that its abolition would result in defeating constitutional rights since alternatives to the exclusionary rules are ineffective.   He goes on to argue that although the exclusionary rule does not entirely protect constitutional rights against police misconduct, it is the only feasible remedy available since police do care about convictions. The likelihood of the exclusionary rule setting a suspect free is more likely to deter police misconduct than not. Since judges are always mindful of the consequences of allowing a serious criminal to escape conviction, the exclusionary rule will not undermine public policies with respect to getting tough on crime.   In other words, the exclusionary rule is the best method for balancing policies against criminal conduct and safeguarding the constitutional rights of an accused person. Question Four Yale Kamisar’s arguments for the retention of the exclusionary rule has substantial merit.   If police conduct hinges entirely on the desire to obtain convictions and drives the police officer to offend constitutional rights, it logically follows that if evidence obtained in that manner is excluded police would be less likely to infringe upon constitutional rights. Kasimar readily admits that the exclusionary rule is not perfect, but it is the best police regulatory method available.(Kamisar, 2003, 119-140) Arguments that serious criminals escape conviction as a result of the exclusionary rule are not supported by empirical research studies.   (Kamisar, 2003, 119-140)   More importantly, judges can be trusted to exercise their discretion properly and fairly with respect to the exclusionary rule.   Those who argue against the effectiveness of the exclusionary rule fail to take account of the experience and intelligence that judges manifest in criminal trials.   It is highly unlikely that a judge will permit either a police officer or a criminal to manipulate his discretion.   He is more likely than not err on the side of caution. Bibliography Bogira, Steve. (2005) Courtroom 302. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. Calabresi, Guido. (2003) â€Å"The Exclusionary Rule.† Harvard Law Journal and Public Policy. Vol. 26, 111-118 Kamisar, Yale. (2003) â€Å"In Defense of the Exclusionary Rule.† Harvard Law Journal and Public Policy. Vol. 26, 119-140 How to cite Yale Kamisar uses the term â€Å"heater cases†, Essay examples

Justification of a Scheme of Work free essay sample

A scheme of work is the overall programme of study. It may last for example, one week, ten weeks, or two years. It is merely a breakdown of the whole programme into smaller chunks based on your frequency of your meetings with learners. (Wilson Practical Teaching 2008 p68) The selection and sequencing of topics reflect on the 6218 curriculum set by the awarding body, the curriculum is a Basic Construction Skills course built around various practical tasks for which there are unit credits attached to obtain the qualification. I first begin with easier tasks leading up to more advanced tasks as the course progresses. This theory is reflected in Blooms Taxonomy which is a classification of learning objectives within education(Appendix 1) for The Blooms Wheel which makes planning a more structured process. The topics are put together into a sequence which makes it easier to assess a learner’s ladder of learning through the course. We will write a custom essay sample on Justification of a Scheme of Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Progressive small steps aid the learner into not becoming too overwhelmed by the tasks up ahead. To begin my scheme of work I must first look at the curriculum I am teaching. Marsh (2006) traced curriculum origins to its Latin roots which means ‘race course’. Indeed in many ways the curriculum is very similar to a race where there are a series of obstacles that need to be achieved in order to gain a qualification. The importance of my scheme of work is to design it to make the teaching of my subject more manageable over a period of time. There is no set method for developing a scheme of work as people adapt it to their own way of teaching, but what must be agreed is the importance of accurate schemes to guide subject delivery within FE. Inclusive learning The SOW can also be seen as a planning tool, a way of marking course delivery by determining the prerequisites for moving on. The use of resources within the scheme of work must promote inclusive learning and a scheme may specify the material that should be covered in a theory class before a practical test. Inclusive teaching is a good way of teaching as it can benefit a whole class rather than individual learners. For example, when reviewing how to describe a diagram to a blind student, it might become apparent that there is a better way for me to present the information for all students involved. In making my teaching inclusive I reassess the material I use in my teaching and the way in which it is delivered and assessed. It may determine what resources are needed before a project can begin. The main resource when teaching brickwork is the quality of the materials used in the practical area and the learning environment where the learning takes place. In providing learners with a realistic building environment with working materials they will adapt to a up to date way of teaching within the practical area. Other resources come in the form of handouts, these are given to all learners but benefit visual learners the most. On top of the handouts given I regularly do group and individual demonstrations relating to the subject that is being covered in the session this allows for any learning differentiation taking place. Within a scheme of work differentiation must also be used as this is an approach to teaching that attempts to ensure that all the learners learn well despite their many differences. Having the ability to differentiate within teaching is a great attribute as â€Å"A teacher who understands what helps a learner learn will be a better teacher because they recognize differences and are prepared to alter the teaching to suit those differences†. Wilson Practical Teaching 2008 p10) Differentiation is not new, good teachers have always done it for decades. The world of education was very exercised by the forerunner of differentiation which was referred to as ‘mixed ability teaching’. It was soon realised it was not just ability that could be â€Å"mixed’’ and t hat teachers had to cope with a wide range of differences: learning style, motivation, age, prior learning and experience, gender, specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia, and so on. Consequently the term ‘mixed ability’ has been replaced by the term: ‘differentiation’. Differentiation is shown within the scheme of work by using different methods of assessing learners regarding different learning styles. Assessing learners using differentiation methods must be done to ensure that equality is ensured. Physically assessing brickwork is the most common form of assessing which I undertake, this appeals to the kinesthetic learners as it is a hands on approach towards their work. Questions and answers are also used to ensure underpinning knowledge is being understood, this would appeal to the auditory learners on top of the physical assessment. To round all three off I use written feedback in the learner’s handbooks expressing positive feedback and also pointing out areas where they need development and improvement. These handbooks also include what we call a phase test. This is an end of year practical test which covers the hand skills part of their qualification. The paperwork is put together with the end of year exam paperwork to form the marking criteria for the qualification. These documents are recorded firstly by the programme manager of the course then the internal verifier and lastly the external verifier. Because SoW are important planning tools for guiding course delivery, they should be easily accessible to learners. Many colleges now make them available on the Intranet so that they can be accessed by staff and students thus placing all the resources in context Hertford Regional College has Moodle where the scheme of work is uploaded. Some colleges like Hertford Regional College make the templates available on the network, but it is good practice to make the completed schemes available as well as examples. A further development would be to provide links from items in the scheme to assessments. Using the integration of ICT and minimum core subjects within a scheme of work is crucial to a learner’s development both within the main structure of the course and the contributing factors which use numeracy and literacy. My students are required to calculate materials they need to complete their models i. e. bricks and mortar to the nearest meter squared (Appendix 2). They use simple math equations based on the measurements they are given within their drawing in their handbooks. (Appendix 3) These calculations are also put together with a method statement which described how the wall has been completed and how it complies with health and safety regulations. A risk assessment is also completed to identify risks which may be contributed and a method put in place to reduce these risks. This is word processed by the learner before they begin their practical task so they have a plan of how this task can be completed safely and within a time scale. This can be related to a scheme of work as it is taking an element of a subject and breaking it down into easier more manageable process. As always this learning must be supported at every effort possible to stage and the support comes from separate structured classes within the curriculum where the learners have dedicated sessions on ICT skills and numeracy sessions relating to the subject field. Within these sessions learners are offered support depending on the degrees of support needed. This can be group or individual one to one support to aid their learning of how important minimum core subjects are within their trade. The learner’s progress within these sessions is monitored by a learning support officer and documented on a regular basis in the learners journal, this information is shared with the members of the team at regular meetings. Dedicated theory sessions also take place on regular occurrences through the academic terms engaging learner’s numeracy and literacy in the measuring and technical drawing of various structures and site plans using scaled drawings. The learners are given the task of transferring the information from a drawing they are given and convert it into different scales using a scale rule and calculator. In conclusion a scheme of work is a document of the upmost importance in regards to tracking and having a schedule to work to. They allow the tutor to plan a lesson to tie in with other team members working on the curriculum so that learning can be inclusive, dynamic and up to date. Lesson plans can be devised from the scheme of work to enable planning of resources and facilities . Schemes of work also can contain a notes section where the tutor can update continuously how learning is progressing both individuals and as a whole group. These updates are important so the scheme of work can be used in the event of staff absence where a session is covered by another member of staff. This allows learning to continue without a major disruption occurring. My scheme of work is used as a working document to constantly update my learners progress and help improve my delivery of teaching in future sessions with any changes being positive.. â€Å"Any changes to course delivery should be incorporated within the schemes and learners should be informed of the changes as, â€Å"Neither a scheme of work nor the lesson plan is fixed. They should be considered as ‘work in progress’ and will alter in response to organizational and learner needs†. (Wilson Practical Teaching 2008 p68) Appendix 1: Blooms Wheel Appendix 4

Abortion And Ethics Essays (756 words) - Law, Reproductive Rights

Abortion And Ethics Many people believe abortion is a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. It is a woman's right to choose what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, which contains the right to privacy. The ninth amendment states: " The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." This right guarantees the right to women, if they so choose, to have an abortion, up to the end of the first trimester. Regardless of the fact of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a "pro-life" view argue that a woman who has an abortion is killing a child. The "pro-choice" perspective holds this is not the case. A fetus is not yet a baby. It does not posess the criteria derived from our understanding of living human beings. In a notable defense of this position, philosopher Mary Anne Warren has proposed the following criteria for "person-hood": 1) consciousness (of objects and events external and or internal to the being), and in particular the capacity to feel pain. 2) reasoning (the developed capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems) 3) self-motivated activity (activity which is relatively independent of either genetic or direct external control) 4) the capacity to communicate, by whatever means, messages of an indefinite variety of possible contents, but on indefinltely many possible topics. 5) the presence of self-concepts, and self-awareness, either individual or social, or both. (Taking Sides -Volume 3). Several cases have been fought for the right to choose. Many of these have been hard cases with very personal feelings, but the perserverance showed through and gives us the rights we have today. Here are some important cases: 1965 - Griswold v. Connecticut - upheld the right to privacy and ended the ban on birth control. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled the right to privacy included abortions. Roe v. Wade was based upon this case. 1973 - Roe v. Wade: - The state of Texas had outlawed abortions. The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional, but refused to order an injunction against the state. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court voted the right to privacy included abortions. In 1976, Planned Parenthood v. Danforth (Missouri) ruled that requiring consent by the husband and the consent from a parent if a person was under 18 was unconstitutional. This case supported a woman's control over her own body and reproductive system. Justice William Brennan stated: "If the right to privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwanted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision to bear or beget a child." Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in the world today. Everyone has their own individual opinion. A woman's body is hers and hers alone. Nobody has the right to make her do something that she does not want to. The Supreme Court has stated it is the women's right to have an abortion, if she so chooses, according to Roe v. Wade. In later cases however, the Court has upheld Roe in Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). In the same ruling, though, the Court gave states new powers to restrict access to abortions. (Hardy, pg. 189). Abortion deals with one's private life and should have nothing to do with the government. However, abortion should not be used as a means of birth control, but if a fetus will be unwanted, it is better to be aborted than to be abused or neglected. Many people try to force their beliefs on others and judge them for their actions. These people need to judge themselves before they start to judge others. The bottom line is no matter what anyone thinks the laws speak for themselves. It is a woman's right to privacy to control her reproductive system guaranteed by the constitution. Although there are some restrictions on abortion, due to the states' rights, it is still ultimately the woman's choice. It is not a requirement for some states to fund for abortions, therefore, especially in these states it should be the woman's choice. Abortion is an issue of women, and so it should be the woman's right to choose. She has the free will to consider others views and opinions such as that

Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Diamond

Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Diamond There are two types of conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts heat. Electrical conductivity expresses how well a substance conducts electricity.  A diamond has characteristic thermal and electrical conductivity that can be used to help distinguish it from other materials and identify impurities in a genuine diamond. Unique Mineral Qualities Most diamonds are extremely efficient thermal conductors, but electrical insulators. Diamond conducts heat well as a result of the strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms in a diamond crystal. The thermal conductivity of natural diamond is around 22 W/(cm ·K), which makes the diamond five times better at conducting heat than copper. The high thermal conductivity may be used to distinguish diamond from cubic zirconia and glass. Moissanite, a crystalline form of silicon carbide that resembles diamond, has a comparable thermal conductivity. Modern thermal probes can differentiate between diamond and moissanite, as moissanite has gained popularity. The electrical resistivity of most diamonds is on the order of 1011 to 1018 ÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m. The exception is natural blue diamond, which gets its color from boron impurities that also make it a semiconductor. Synthetic diamonds doped with boron also are p-type semiconductors. Boron-doped diamond may become a superconductor when cooled below 4 K. However, certain natural blue-grey diamonds that contain hydrogen are not semiconductors. Phosphorus-doped diamonds films, produced by chemical vapor deposition, are n-type semiconductors. Alternating boron-doped and phosphorus-doped layers produce p-n junctions and may be used to produce ultraviolet emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Economic Development in South East Asia Term Paper

Economic Development in South East Asia - Term Paper Example Sweeping generalizations of the economic status of the Asian economy have blurred this indispensable perspective, especially for the South East Asia region. The purpose of this paper is to bring to the fore the real economic state of the South East Asian economy, cast against a crucial history, a vivid present, and an imminent future. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Export Processing Zones (EPZs) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Economic Development in South East Asia 1. INTRODUCTION A. South East Asia’s Economic Landscape The South East Asian economy exhibits a distinct peculiarity. This marks out the theme of many economic researches on the region (Sundaram, 2002). Firstly, there is a need to dissociate South East Asia from the larger East Asian region economically. The emerging world economic powerhouses consisting of the Indo-China axis are not part of the South East Asia, as many people mistakenly assume. South East Asia adheres to an entirely different ec onomic environment, which calls for less generalized view of its economic identity. In regard to this special aspect, this paper seeks to present a definitive examination of the region’s economic climate. ... Globalized economic structures have far-reaching repercussions on the economic scene. Major changes in economic climates, even within apparently localized but powerful economic structures, show profound impacts in the global economic system (Sundaram, 2002). For instance, the East Asian economy has heavy impact on the state of the South East Asian economy. Research is necessary to highlight the possible correlation or causal relationship between the South East Asian economy and the larger world economy. Information of this nature will be indispensable to both local and international investors. In addition, the information will also help the local governance systems secure their positions more strategically to weather the adverse storms of global trade. Consequently, the economies can reap the immense benefits that modern globalized marketplaces offer. The purpose of this paper is to study the South East Asia economic climate and discuss the characteristic features, benefits, and disa dvantages the economic structure exhibits. A study of South East Asia economies needs to take into account the political and social background of each of the countries. The fresh perspective will be a welcome drift from the numerous misleading misconceptions suggesting that the economies of the region have sweeping commonalities. Recent studies reveal that the regions are characteristically distinct in the way they deal with issues of economic significance (Steven et al., 1997). Government policy, international strategy, and focus areas for the economic growth vary from country to country. This paper seeks to address the following: An astute understanding of the growth in the economies of the region and the structural changes

Aviation Labor Relation Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Aviation Labor Relation - Research Proposal Example inually, therefore the drive of this transformation looks set to speed up in scope and size, calling for fresh generation of aviation leaders (Steven and Fewster 56-69). The aviation industry comprises of various segments such as aerospace manufacturing, government aviation, general aviation, and air transportation. Every segment of aviation industry of US consists of its own practices and labor law. No single organization, labor statute, or agency includes all employees in the aerospace/aviation industry. Any specified law and policies may or may not pertain to an employer or employee of aviation. A vital role is always played by labor relations in the competitive or viable performance of the airlines firms in the aviation industry (Kaps, Hamilton and Bliss 9). In the US, the labor conflict is negatively related with productivity, service quality, and several financial outcomes of airlines. The most significant influences on the performance of airlines are the ordinary issues of the work organization like employee attitude, work rules, the structure and level of costs associated with labor, as well as the impact of these factors on service quality and productivity. The main purpose of this research proposal is to focus on the labor relations in the aviation industry. The rationale behind this research proposal is to explore how the labor act has an effect on the aviation industry along with putting emphasis on the labor problems which was noticed in the aviation industry. The airline industry is a very competitive, high technology, and safety-sensitive service industry. Here, the customers, employees, and people are the field of core competence of the organization, not the machines and products. The insinuations are pervasive and fast affecting the culture, strategy, structure, and operational activities of the organization (Fewster 59-71). This section will discuss about the main issues in the aviation industry and how they have an effect on the productivity

The use of operations management techniques

The use of operations management techniques Operations management is concerned with the design, planning, control and improvement of an organisations resources and processes to provide goods or services for customers. Whether it is the provision of airport services, medical services, holiday packages, or the manufacturing of automobiles, consumers electronics and so on; the operations manager would have been involved in the design, creation and delivery of those products and services. (Johnson, R. etal 2003). Operations Managers are found everywhere including banks, supermarkets, construction site, production plant, government offices, and so on. Their role includes designing systems within an organisation, ensuring quality, manufacturing products, and delivery of services. They also deal with clients, suppliers, partners, and latest technology. Operation management is more than just planning and managing processes; it is transformation processes which can also be define as a series of activities along a value chain extending from supplier to customer. TRANSFORMATION PROCESS INPUT: Material, Equipments, Labour, Management, and Capital OUTPUT: Goods Services Feedback Figure 1: Operations as a Transformation Process (adaptation from Russell Taylor, 2005) For instance, in a car manufacturing factory, sheet steel is formed into different shapes, painted and finished, and then assembled with thousands of component parts to produce a working automobile. In a hospital, customers (patients) are helped to become healthier individuals through special care, medication, meals, physiotherapy, and surgical procedures. Core activities in operations management include organizing work, arranging layouts, locating facilities, designing jobs, measuring performance, selecting processes, controlling quality, scheduling work, managing inventory, and planning production. Operations Management Techniques There are several operations management techniques used by companies. These include but not limited to; Lean Production Just-in-Time Benchmarking Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Quality Management Supply Chain Management Inventory Management Linear Programming Waiting Line Analysis Forecasting This report will focus on three of the ten Operations Management techniques listed above. They are Supply Chain Management, Just-in-Time, and Benchmarking. 2.1 Supply Chain Management According to Russell and Taylor (2006), Supply Chain Management can be described as an operations management technique that focuses on integrating an managing the flow of goods and services and information through the supply chain in order to make it responsive to customer needs while lowering total costs. It is also an integrated group of business processes and activities with the same goal of providing customer satisfaction. These processes include the procurement of services, materials, and components from suppliers; production of the products and services; and distribution of the products to the customers. 2.2 Just-in-Time (JIT) This is an operation management philosophy directed at eliminating manufacturing wastes by producing only the right amount and combination of parts at the right place at the right time. Developed by the Japanese during the post World War II era, it is based on the principle of producing only what is needed and nothing more than needed. The Japanese believed that anything produced over the quantity required is waste. Wastes results from any activity that adds cost without adding value to the product, such as transferring of inventories from one place to another or even storing them. (Sirisha, D. 2003). The goal of JIT is to minimize the presence of  non-value-adding operations  and non-moving inventories  in the production line. This will result in shorter throughput times, better on-time delivery performance, higher equipment utilization, lesser space requirement, lower costs, and greater profits.  JIT is most applicable to operations or production flows that do not change, i.e., those that are simply repeated over and over again. An example of this would be an automobile assembly line, wherein every car undergoes the same production process as the one before it. Benchmarking This is one of the operations management technique aimed at improving organisational process by constantly identifying, understanding and adapting successful practices and processes by others and facilitating its incorporation into an organisation. Simply put, benchmarking means comparing ones organization or a part of it with that of the other companies. As further explained by Camp (1995), benchmarking is a continuous activity; key internal processes are adjusted, performance is monitored, new comparisons are made with the current best performers and further changes are explored. When information about these key processes is obtained through a co-operative partnership with specific organisations (rather than third party such as independently-maintained database), there is an expectation of mutual benefit over a period of time. The type of benchmarking that companies can adopt are: Strategic Benchmarking Competitive Benchmarking Process Benchmarking Functional Benchmarking Internal Benchmarking External Benchmarking International Benchmarking Benchmarking exercise is a four-stage process involving; Planning stage involves identifying, establishing and documenting specific study focus areas, key events and definitions. Data collection stage involves accumulating qualitative data and learning from the best practices of different organizations. Data analysis and reporting stage involves critical evaluation of practices followed at high performing organizations, and the identification of practices that help and deter superior performance. Adaptation stage involves developing an initial action plan to adapt and implement the practices followed by these high performance organizations. 3.0 CASE STUDY 1: Dells Supply Chain Management Practices (Consumer Electronics) This case study is based on a different type of supply chain management practices pioneered by Dell Inc, one of the leading PC manufacturers in the world. It is known as the Direct Model, a unique model of selling PCs directly to the consumers, bypassing the resellers. With this model, Dell was able to provide its customers with tailor-made products, built only after procuring the order from them. This case study describes this model in detail and explains how it enabled Dell to manage its supply chain effectively. 3.1 Summary Background Note Dell Inc. (headquartered in Texas, USA) is a global technology corporation that develops, manufactures, sells, and support personal computers and other computer-related products. Founded in 1984 by Michael Dell (Michael), it grew during the 1980s and 1990s to become the largest seller of PCs and servers. Dell became a pioneer in the configure to order approach to manufacturing delivering individual PCs configured to customer specification. In order to minimise delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers; which allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimises inventory costs. 3.2 The Direct Model Dells Direct selling Model traces its origins to Michaels idea of selling computers directly to the consumers eliminating the need for distributors. He believed that by selling system (PCs) directly to the consumers, the company would be able to better understand the needs of its consumers. Each system was assembled according to customers preference. Dell also realised that maintaining a high level of quality was necessary in order to compete with the to PC manufacturers like IBM and Compaq. To achieve this, the company decided to increase their funds in hand by reducing inventory. Dell decided to produce PCs as per orders it received and not to hold excess inventory or finished products. Dell then later decided to replace inventory with information and pass on the information to the suppliers, who were provided access to companys internal data about the demand for specific components. With the reduction in components inventory having a positive effect on each cash flow, the company decided to bring other task related production in line with the reduced inventory. The overall savings Dell derived from managing the inventory encouraged it to try matching supply and demand on monthly, weekly and daily basis. This reduced the variation in supply and demand and gradually it was no longer necessary for Dell to maintain any component i nventory. Dell established its website in 1994, introduced online pricing in 1995, and began online sales in 1996. Within six months Dells revenue on the Internet stood at US $1 million a day. By 1997, sales through the Web were around US $1 billion, and by 1998, Dells sales through the Internet accounted for more than half of its total sales. The internet proved to be a booster for Dells direct model as it was able to facilitate transactions. Reduce costs, and improve relationships with customers. Dells direct model was directly supported by the way the companys activities were organized globally. 3.2.1 The Direct Model Role of Dells Suppliers As bringing components from the suppliers factories to Dell took anything between 7 and 30 days depending on the mode of transportation, Dell required all its suppliers to maintain a warehouse close to its factories. They could either manufacture the product at the warehouse or produce at another place and ship the finished product to the warehouse. The warehouses known as Suppliers Logistics Centres (SLC) were located few miles away from Dells assembly plants. Each SLC could be shared by more than one supplier. Typically, Dell required suppliers to maintain inventory for 8 to 10 days in SLCs. Dell took the inventory from SLCs as required, usually replenishing its stocks every two hours. Most suppliers replenished the stocks at SLCs thrice a week. Dell demanded that its suppliers should be extremely flexible to accommodate short-term demand fluctuations. The suppliers are provided with data on real-time customer demand, and every week, suppliers were given an order commitment from Dell for the following week. The suppliers needed to send their consent to meet the companys demands immediately. 3.2.2 The Direct Model Balancing Demand and Supply Dell maintained a database to track the purchasing patterns of corporate customers and their budget cycles, in order to forecast demand. It also maintained a similar database for individual customers in order to cater for their future requirements. The changing demand patterns were communicated to the major suppliers three times a day. If it was found that the lead time for a product was increasing, the procurement of the product was accelerated or additional suppliers were brought and the customers were encouraged to buy substitute product. If any component was found to be accumulating, customers were provided incentive to buy those products. On the other hand, if demand exceeded supply at any given point in time, Dell had more than one supplier to accelerate supply. If the component was generic, Dell checked with alternative suppliers. Once the supplier options were exhausted, Dell used its marketing team to shift demand. 3.3 Benefits of Direct Model Dell gained tremendous benefit from their Direct Model approach to Supply Chain Management. As Dell did not hold large inventory of finished products, it did not have to sell technologically obsolete products at a discount. Dell was able to bring in new products according to the needs of the customers into the market faster than its competitors. In addition to this, Dell was able to incorporate new technologies quickly into its products and take them to customers almost two months ahead of its competitors. Through the Direct Model, Dells production system functioned on negative working capital as suppliers were paid 36 days after Dell received payments from its customers. This is in contrast with other computer manufacturers who usually paid the suppliers 30 days before the PC was skipped to the market 3.4 What Dell could do to get more positive results In order for Dell to regain its number one position in the PC market, it has to make significant business changes to way its been doing business for two decades. Firstly, Dell could provide a facility where consumers have the opportunity to see the product before buying it. Dell can achieve this by partnering with PC retail stores. This will also help to address some of the customer service issues and improve its support system. Another thing Dell could do is to create products with a longer shelf-life, like digital televisions and printer cartridges, in addition to a few desktops and notebooks and sell them through the Dell retail stores. Finally, Dell could enter the commercial retail segment and compete with likes of HP and Acer, although this is an area in which Dell is not experienced enough. 4.0 CASE STUY 2: Toyotas Just-in-Time Revolution (Automotive) This case study is based on the Just-in-Time manufacturing system pioneered by Toyota. It is one of the most significant production approaches of the post world war II era. The case discusses in detail the concept of Toyotas JIT system and the Kanban concept; which was one of the principles on which Toyotas JIT was based. I will compare the Kanban concept with the western manufacturing philosophy. I will also make objective criticism and suggestion, where appropriate, to show what else Toyota could do to get more positive results. 4.1 Summary Background Note Toyotas history goes back to 1897, when Sakichi Toyoda (Sakichi) diversified into machinery business from his family traditional business of carpentry. He founded Toyoda Automatic Loom Works in 1926 for manufacturing automatic looms. Sakichi established an automobile department within TALW. Toyota Motor Corporation was established in 1937 after Sakichis son Kiichiro Toyoda (Kiichiro) convinced him to enter the automobile business. Kiichiro visited the Ford Motor company in Detroit to study the US automotive industry. He saw that an average US workers production was nine times that of a Japanese worker. He realized that the productivity of the Japanese automobile industry had to be increased if it were to compete globally. Back in Japan, he customized the Ford production system to suit Japanese market. He also devised a system wherein each process in the assembly line of production would produce only the number of parts needed at the next step on the production line, which made logistics management easier as material was procured according to consumption. This system was referred to as Just-in-time (JIT) with the Toyota Group. 4.2 Just-in-Time Production System in Toyota Taiichi Ohno (Ohno), who is now referred to as the father of JIT implemented JIT in Toyotas manufacturing plants in the early 1970s. The system was aimed at avoiding waste, reducing inventories and increasing production efficiency in order to maintain Toyotas competitive edge. Initially, it was used as a method for reducing inventories in Toyotas shipyards, but later it evolved into a management philosophy including a set of techniques. Kanban was an important component of Toyotas JIT concept. It is a simple parts-movement system that depended on cards and containers to take parts from one workstation to another on production line. Ohno developed the in 1956 from the supermarkets in the US, which had devised an effective system for replenishment of store shelves based on the quantities picked by customers. The essence of the Kanban concept was that a supplier delivered components to the production line only when required, thus eliminating storage in the production area. Supplier delivered desired components when they received a card and an empty container, indicating that more parts were needed for the production. In case of line interruption, each supplier produced only enough components to fill the container and then stopped. At Toyota, two types of Kanban cards were used. To move parts from one place to another, known as the Conveyance Kanban card and to authorize the production of parts, known as the Production Kanban card. Three types of information were exchanged using Kanban; Pick up information guided the earlier stages regarding parts to be produced for the succeeding stages. Transfer information indicated when the parts had to be produced for the succeeding stages. Production information was transmitted from the earlier stages to the later stages to inform the workers about the product mix and other operational matters. To make the Kanban system effective and reap maximum benefits from it, Ohno framed six rules: Do not dens defective products to the subsequent process The subsequent process comes to withdraw only what is needed Produce only the exact quantity withdrawn by the subsequent process Level the production Kanban is a means to fine tuning Stabilize and rationalize the process Another important component of JIT was called Heijunka (production smoothing). JITs principle of building only the required number of items helped keep the production costs low. Heijunka helped in the accomplishment of this principle by creating a consistent production volume. Heijunka averaged highest and lowest variations of the orders. The variations were then removed from the production schedule. This ensured that the right quantity of parts was produced with minimum workforce. Heijunka took care not only of the total volume of items but also the type of items produced and the other options. Benefits to Toyota The JIT system implemented by Toyota offered several advantages over other manufacturing processes. Because of the early adoption of JIT, Toyota benefited more from the system than other automobile companies. The main benefit of the JIT system to Toyota is its ability to help drive down costs and waste by improving the flow of production. Another big advantage of JIT system to Toyota is that it improves the responsiveness to changes in demand. The Kanban concept implemented is like a smart traffic light with ability to sense when the traffic, or in this case the demand, is building up. In addition to these, Toyota was able to: Reduce stock holdings by reduction in storage space which saves storage and insurance costs. Have less working capital tied up in stock as stock is only obtained when it is needed. Reduce time spent on checking and re-working the product of others as the emphasis is on getting the work right first time 4.4 What Toyota could do to get more positive results Toyota has not been able to replicate the JIT production system in an efficient way in any of its operations outside Japan. Toyota should try to imbibe the Japanese culture (which is a main driving force of their JIT) in their other operations outside Japan inorder to get more result. Also, Toyota should use more than two suppliers for most parts as having less than two suppliers makes Toyota susceptible to flow interruption. 5.0 CASE STUY 3: Xerox The Benchmarking Story (Consumer Electronics) This case study is based on the benchmarking initiatives taken by Xerox, one of the worlds leading copier companies. This is a part of their Leadership through Quality program implemented by the company during the early 1980s. I will discuss in detail the benchmarking concept and its implementation in various processes at Xerox. I will explore the positive impact of benchmarking practices on Xerox also make objective criticism and suggestion, where appropriate, to show what else Xerox could do to get more positive results 5.1 Summary Background Note The history of Xerox dated back to 1938, when Chester Carlson, a patent attorney and part-time inventor, made the first xerographic image in the US. He struggled for over five years to sell the invention, until 1944 when Battelle Memorial Instutite approached him to refine his new process. Xerox was registered as a trademark in 1948 when The Haliod Company obtained all rights to Carlsons invention from Battelle. Xerox Corporation was formed and listed on the New York stock Exchange in 1961. The company grew throughout the 1960s by acquiring many companies, and later diversified into the information technology business through to the early 1970s. in the 1970s, Xerox focused on introducing new and more efficient models to retain its share of the reprographic market and cope with competition from the US and Japanese companies. The companys revenue increased from $698 million in 1966 to $4.4 million in 1976, and profits also increased five-fold from $83 million in 1966 to $407 million in 1977. The rapid growth at Xerox led to the introduction of a variety of controls and procedures and the number of management layers was increased during the 1970s. This, however, slowed down decision-making and resulted in major delays in product development. By early 1980s, has found itself increasingly vulnerable to intense competition from both the US and Japanese competitors. According to analysts, Xerox ignored new entrants who were consolidating their positions in the lower-end market and in niche segments. The management also failed to give the company strategic direction. The companys operating cost was high and its products were of inferior quality in comparison to its competitors. Xerox also suffered from its highly centralized decision-making processes. As a result of this, return on assets fell to less than 8% and market share in copiers came down sharply from 86% in 1974 to just 17% in 1984.xeroxs profits decreased from $1.15billion in 1980 to $290 million in 1984. When David T. Kearns (Kearns) took over in 1982, he discovered that Japanese companies were able to undercut Xeroxs prices effortlessly because their average costs of copiers was 50-60% cheaper than that of Xerox. Kearns quickly began emphasizing reduction of manufacturing costs and gave new thrust to quality control by launching a program that was popularly referred to as Leadership through Quality. As part of this quality program (to find ways to reduce their manufacturing costs), Xerox implemented the benchmarking program. These initiatives played a major role in pulling Xerox out of trouble in the years to come. The company even went on to become one of the best examples of the successful implementation of benchmarking. 5.2 Benchmarking against Japanese Competitors Xerox discovered that it took twice as long as its Japanese competitors to bring a product to market, five times the number of engineers, four times the number of design changes, and three times the design costs. The company also found that the Japanese could produce, ship, and sell units for about the same amount that it cost Xerox just to manufacture them. In addition, Xeroxs products had over 30,000 defective parts per million about 30 times more than its competitors. Benchmarking also revealed that Xerox would need an 18% annual productivity growth rate for five consecutive years to catch up with the Japanese. After an initial period of denial, Xerox managers accepted the reality. Following this, Xerox defined benchmarking as the process of measuring its products, services, and practices against its toughest competitors, identifying the gaps and establishing goals. Goal is always to achieve superiority in quality, product reliability and cost. Gradually, Xerox developed its own benchmarking model. This model involved tens steps categorized under five stages planning, analysis, integration, action and maturity. Figure 2: Xerox Benchmarking Model (according to Karsnia 1991, Camp 1989) Xerox collected data on key processes of best practice companies. These critical processes were then analyzed to identify and define improvement opportunities. For the purpose of acquiring data from the related benchmarking companies, Xerox subscribed to the management and technical databases, referred to magazines and trade journals, and also consulted professional associations and consulting firms. Having worked out the model it wanted to use, Xerox began by implementing competitive benchmarking. However, the company found this type of benchmarking to be inadequate as the very best practices, in some processes or operations were not being practiced by copier companies. The company then adopted functional benchmarking, which involved a study of the best practices followed by a variety of companies regardless of the industry they belonged to. Xerox initiated functional benchmarking with the study of the warehousing and inventory management system of L.L. Bean (Bean), a mail-order sup plier of sporting goods and outdoor clothing.   Similarly, Xerox zeroed in on various other best practice companies to benchmark its other processes. These included American Express (for billing and collection), Cummins Engines and Ford (for factory floor layout), Florida Power and Light (for quality improvement), Honda (for supplier development), Toyota (for quality management), Hewlett-Packard (for research and product development), Saturn (a division of General Motors) and Fuji Xerox (for manufacturing operations) and DuPont (for manufacturing safety). Results of Benchmarking Some of the benefits Xerox derived as a result of their benchmarking are; Customer satisfaction for its copier/duplicator and printing systems increased by 38% and 39% respectively. Customer satisfaction with its sales processes improved by 40%, service processes by 18% and administrative processes by 21%. Customer complaints reduced by more than 60%. Financial performance of the company also improved considerably through the mid and late 1980s. Some of the other benefits Xerox derived were: Number of effects reduced by 78 per 100 machines. Inspection of incoming components reduced to below 5%. Inventory costs reduced by two-thirds. Notable decrease in labour costs. Became the leader in the high-volume copier-duplicator market segment Country units improved from 152% to 328%. 5.4 What Xerox could do to get more positive results Xerox could get more positive results by continuously benchmarking against other companies outside the United States, especially in India and China. As we are in a more competitive business environment where customers preference are changing and they want more value for their money, Xerox should try to diversify more into the technology market in order to retain its competitiveness in the market. 6.0 Conclusion Hence we can see that operations management is an important aspect of any business organisation. It is very important as it is concerned with creating products and services; the core of an organizations existence. It is also challenging because the techniques implemented by organizations need to work globally and responsibly within the society and the environment; as we can see in all the three case studies used in this report.

Leadership Distinctive Project

Most of us start out on life’s journey full of optimism and high hopes.   Life is magical; everyday is an exciting new adventure.   We get up everyday and go about our daily businesses, yet many times we do this without understanding why we are here, and what we were created for. This is because instead of leading our life, our life leads us.   We live life as it comes without a real plan, without clear thought and without purposeful direction.   And when we function this way life controls and ultimately overcomes us. Having a deep devotion to Christianity and commitment to Godly values helps us discover the things that give real meaning to life.   It also helps to develop the vital attitudes that will enable you to live it with joy and fulfillment and we can also lead others along that path.   Life may not be easy or without challenges but God has promised that in Christ we can have â€Å"life †¦..to the full†(John10:10 Niv).   Think, you can impact or influence those that you work with whether in offices, business associates or in sports etc.   When you have a purpose driven life i.e.(Mathew 28:18-20) this is what life is all about; leading others to Christ. Someone once said â€Å"life is what happens to you as you are making other plans†.  Ã‚   We are here for a reason, God has not yet finished with us. Life has to be engaged, not avoided yet it is also a choice to live a life of sacrifice and self-denial for this is a mandatory condition for those who claim to follow Christ (Luke 9:23) saying ‘No’ to self and ‘Yes’ to Jesus.   It is so easy to live life on a shallow level, lacking in discipline, exerting more energy and putting more emphasis on worldly accomplishment that would not count for eternity.   The scripture teaches us that all these are nothing compared to knowing Christ and living for the sake of Christ (Phillipians 3:8).   Only the things connected to Christ will live forever, all others will vanish like smoke. God did not create us and left us to figure out life for ourselves but he has given us instructions through his word the Bible.   Unfortunately although we know better, many of us try to figure out life for ourselves rather than go by the instructions written by the maker; â€Å"All scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.(2Timothy3:16-17 )   The Bible is the original owner’s manual, telling us all we need to know so that life will run well, and broadens our understanding of God. In order to lead others, we need to commit ourselves to the scripture that it may guide and help us develop the grounding values of life and be able to help others in our society solve problems.   In many areas of our life, God tells us exactly what we should do, in other areas there are no specific laws or commands for every detail but there are principles to guide our actions and attitudes.   Study the scriptures, be analytical and learn from examples, good or bad of biblical leadership qualities.   Above all, Imitate Jesus who lived out before us the ultimate example of how to please God and how to live a truly fulfilling life.(1John2:6) There is no way you can broaden your knowledge or deepen your skill without letting other people in your life or collaborating with others in the community or those whom have the same values as you do.   We can be successful in other things, but unless we have people in our lives who are close to us, know us and tell us what we need to hear and not what we want to hear then our lives will be very empty. We need people to share with, learn from and give ourselves to or we will be lonely and unfulfilled (remember the immortal words of the poet John Donne, â€Å"No man is an island†).   You have to genuinely decide to like people and know that you need them in your life i.e. (Proverbs 17:17 a friend loves at all times).   You need the encouragement and wisdom of other people (Hebrews 3:13) if not so life will loose its meaning, sparkle and joy. In a Readers Digest (Sept.2002 pp.112-7) article, â€Å"Friends the secret to a longer life† by Katherine griffin writes of a number of studies attesting to the health benefits of friendship.   She states that people with strong social network are shown to boost their chances of surviving life-threatening illnesses, have stronger more resilient immune systems, improve their mental health and live longer than people without social support.   We need people in our lives and God has programmed us this way.   We are made to need the love, support and companionship of other people.   Therefore, living a purpose driven life helps you find fresh hope, direction and inspiration to continue your journey on a glorious and triumphant note. Reference: The Holy Bible NIV Griffin K.,Readers Digest(2002)

Underlie Essay

What values underlie your desire to help others? The value that I feel that underlies me to help others Is my ability to put people first, as In being able to put my feeling aside so I would be willing to be there for them. For example my father was dating a woman that I felt was a woman after his pocket, she lied a lot and was a fake.But besides how I felt about her my father loved her and he new how I felt about her, but I stood by him and was respecting his wishes. Now If she was putting him In harm's way then I would have to step up and something. 2. Which client behaviors would you have trouble accepting? I would have a hard time accepting a mother who has abounded her child for their to have a child in their lives to give them love and support.This is very personal to me, as a child left on the front door of their father's house with a white trash bag by y mother at the age of 11 is very hard to understand especially since I am a mother now and there is no chance I could do tha t to my own child. 3. What would you like to accomplish in human services? I would like to accomplish a lot in human service; first I would like to help as many children as I can, give them a good home with a happy family. Being able to make a person or child smile is my main goal, help them in their lives in any way I can.My main mission is to be there for the worst and turn that situation upside down into a better situation. 4. How do you go about solving personal problems? Solving the problem is based on the situation, one thing I always follow is get all of the facts, hear both sides of the stories. But once you have lied and crossed me, it is hard to build my trust back. Solving personal problems is hard at times but there is always a solution to a problem so I never give up until I find that answer.

The Culture Of An Organization - 2334 Words

The culture of an organization sets the tone for any work environment. Human resources and organizational culture works best together when an organization realizes if a potential employee is the best fit for the organization’s culture. However, the prospective employee must understand and realize if they are the best fit for the organization’s culture. Organizational culture relies on practices of the organization and how it affects the employee; it is the environment of the workplace. â€Å"Leaders first create culture when they create groups and organizations; once culture exists, they determine the criteria for leadership roles and from there, will determine who is capable of being leaders† (Schein, 2004, p. 311). Business professor, David†¦show more content†¦The organization was comprised of a very diverse group. In this setting, I was comfortable because I was surrounded by people who I could relate to. The owner introduced me to everyone and gave me a tour of the company on the first day. The owner told me to help myself to all of the snacks and sodas in the kitchen because he believed that small things in life go a long way with employees. He also told me to look around and notice the different type of people working for the company. He said, â€Å"Everyone is different, they all come from different backgrounds. Some are gay, some are straight, some are white, some are black, some are disabled and some are not; this is done purposely to create an environment where we all need each other and if you can’t approach Mike, because he’s gay or Shelly because she is Latina, then this is not the job for you†. â€Å"To manage diversity, employers must first understand and then manage their organizational cultures, defined as the values, beliefs, assumptions, expectations, attitudes, and norms shared by a majority of the organization’s members† (Pynes, 2013, p. 139). Within my first year, I learned about how diversity develops the organizational culture. I was able to recognize and understand the importance of different backgrounds working together to achieve goals. The organization molded me to be a better employee, to understand teamwork, and it allowed me to determine if I was a good fit. I had a few friends who started working for